Enzyme based amperometric wide field biosensors: Is single?molecule detection possible?

This review discloses the technological advances involving enzyme-based amperometric biosensors engaging challenging limits of detection as low a single molecule. At first, we summarise most recent findings concerning electrode modification toward enhancement enzyme loading accomplished mainly through deposition nanomaterials. The increase electron transfer (ET) rate is mostly based on site-specific immobilization analysis structure/sequence and protein bioengineering overviewed. However, both approaches are not appropriate to develop able reach reliable analytical detections below micro-/nano-molar. last part devoted single-molecule electrochemistry that has been widely exploited near-field approach in decades proof-of-concept for ET events. Organic electrochemical transistors operated Faradaic current amplifiers do detect We here propose an alternative combination cell with bipolar junction transistor extended base configuration, drawing some conclusions future perspectives events at large development Point-of-Care devices.